The history of traditional lead-acid batteries and UPS backup solutions is often poor, and the lead-acid battery packs require better maintenance and frequent replacement.
Bridging with supercapacitors
Supercapacitors can be combined with traditional UPS configurations to help solve this problem because they respond instantly to power outages or power quality issues without causing initial voltage drops due to battery resistance issues. This bridging feature protects the data center until long-term power solutions (batteries, backup power, and even data and operations are moved to different locations). They also enable data centers to use batteries for peaking more frequently, thereby reducing the monthly cost of electricity demand (in the form of monthly kilowatt-hours, the highest monthly demand) to charge data center users. This hybrid system is also expected to extend the life of lead-acid batteries. The advantages of supercapacitors are their high availability, relatively low maintenance, and long life.
Lithium-ion batteries may be a longer-term, cost-effective solution
Another technology, lithium-ion battery energy storage systems, is rapidly becoming a potential new way to address the challenges of power reliability. It may soon replace the lead-acid battery and supercapacitor solutions, mainly because the cost is also rapidly declining as technology continues to improve.
Some lithium-ion battery suppliers are already offering this product to the market, which uses electric vehicles to power the UPS power supply in the data center. Although this is currently applicable to IT rooms or smaller data centers, the larger lithium battery energy storage arrays combined with intelligent monitoring systems will soon become the norm.
Soon, lithium-ion battery energy storage systems are likely to become standard products in the data center market, especially because costs are falling so fast. It is estimated that the cost of a lithium-ion battery energy storage system is 1.5 to 3 times higher than that of a conventional UPS battery system. But last year its cost dropped by 24% (driven by the economies of scale of electric vehicles).
If the cost of lithium-ion batteries continues to drop, they will soon reach levels comparable to lead-acid battery systems. Although the upfront costs are higher, its operating costs are lower. In fact, the overall cost analysis of an industry-leading supplier has shown that lithium-ion solutions can save 10% in cost over a decade of operation. However, lithium-ion batteries have other significant advantages: long cycle life, long run times, and the ability to operate at higher ambient temperatures, and higher power density, occupied by the same capacity. The space is one-third of the lead-acid battery, which can free up more room space. Lithium-ion batteries also have transient responsiveness, eliminating the need for lead-acid battery and supercapacitor combination solutions.
Finally, lithium-ion battery energy storage systems combined with UPS power supplies typically integrate intelligent systems to make it easier to monitor variables such as voltage, state of charge, current, temperature, and other critical variables. In this respect, it is far superior to traditional UPS systems that use lead-acid batteries.
As the global lithium-ion battery industry continues to expand and cut costs, one might see that this solution will be the primary means of ensuring data center power reliability and replacing lead-acid batteries. Ultimately, they may also be used more and more for power peaking and may replace traditional backup generators.
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